In the historic cities of the Kathmandu Valley, the elegance of tiered temples and palaces is defined not only by their sweeping roofs but by the intricately carved wooden struts or metal motifs that support them. Known as Tundal, these architectural elements are a defining feature of traditional Nepali particularly Newar architecture, combining structural ingenuity with exceptional artistic expression.
What is a Tundal?
A Tundal is a carved wooden strut positioned diagonally between a structure’s vertical wall and its projecting roof. Found predominantly in pagoda-style temples, Tundals serve a critical engineering function: they transfer the load of the extended roof down to the supporting structure, reducing stress on horizontal beams.
At the same time, they act as sculptural canvases, transforming functional supports into enduring works of art.
Historical Origins and Evolution
The use of Tundals became prominent during the Malla period (12th–18th century), when the Kathmandu Valley flourished as a centre of urban design, craftsmanship, and temple construction. Newar artisans developed a highly sophisticated woodcarving tradition, embedding religious narratives and symbolic motifs into architectural elements.
Today, these struts remain integral to heritage sites such as:
Each square presents a living museum of Tundal craftsmanship spanning centuries.
Design, Motifs, and Craftsmanship
Traditionally carved from durable hardwoods such as Sal (Shorea robusta) and Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), Tundals are shaped using hand tools by master artisans, often taking weeks or months to complete a single piece.
Common motifs include:
These carvings are not arbitrary. Many are believed to offer spiritual protection, reinforce sacred narratives, or reflect cosmological beliefs embedded within the structure.
Architectural Role in Pagoda Temples
In Nepal’s iconic multi-tiered temples, each roof level is supported by a series of Tundals arranged rhythmically along the facade. As the structure rises, the struts typically decrease in size while maintaining proportional harmony.
A notable example is the Nyatapola Temple, where finely carved Tundals complement the temple’s imposing five-tiered structure which demonstrates both engineering precision and aesthetic balance.
Living Craft and Preservation
Despite centuries of exposure to weather and seismic activity, many original Tundals survive today. Following the 2015 Nepal earthquake, restoration efforts across the Valley have prioritised the preservation and replication of these wooden elements using traditional methods.
Sites such as Changu Narayan Temple: one of Nepal’s oldest Hindu temples continue to showcase the enduring legacy of this craftsmanship, largely within a Vaishnav tradition.
These conservation initiatives highlight that Tundals are not relics, but part of a living architectural tradition.
A Detail Worth Looking Up For
For travellers, Tundals offer a quieter, often overlooked layer of discovery. While grand temples and courtyards draw immediate attention, a closer look beneath the eaves reveals stories carved in wood: of gods, guardians, and generations of artisans.
When visiting heritage sites, pause beneath the roofs. The artistry above you is as significant as the monuments themselves.
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